Kyphotic deformities are defined as abnormally increased posterior convex angulations. Unlike scoliotic deformities, they are generally seen as a single plane deformity. Kyphosis, specifically in the thoracic region, can have many causes. Postural roundback, postlaminectomy kyphosis, postinfectious kyphosis, posttraumatic kyphosis, ankylosing spondylitis, congenital causes and Scheuermann`s kyphosis are the most common causes.

The basic principle in the treatment of kyphosis is to restore the sagittal plane by preserving neurological function. Neutral sagittal balance is evaluated on standing lateral spine radiography. The plumb line descended from the C7 midpoint should pass through the posterior superior corner of the sacrum. Neutral sagittal balance is impaired in kyphotic deformities of the vertebra. Sagittal plane deformity may eventually cause cosmetic deterioration, pain, and, in advanced cases, pulmonary dysfunction. In this section, Scheuermann`s kyphosis, which is an important kyphotic deformity, will be examined in detail in terms of etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment.