The craniovertebral junction is the region between the cranium and the cranial part of the spinal column. The craniovertebral junction includes the lower surface of the occipital bone, the atlas, the axis, ligaments, surrounding muscle, nerve, and vascular structures. The craniovertebral junction is a critical structure in terms of its unique anatomical elements and their interactions with each other. On the one hand, the occipital condyle, which articulates with the first cervical vertebra located anterolaterally of the foramen magnum and provides the transition from the cranium above to the cervical spine below, on the other hand, the unique atlas and axis, as well as the 9th, 10th, 11th and spinal nerves, the muscles and the ligaments that allow us to do most of the neck movements, and the vertebral arteries that provide posterior circulation place a serious responsibility on our colleagues who have to intervene in the area. For these reasons, the craniovertebral junction should be examined and known in detail by neurosurgeons. Numerous morphometric anatomical studies have provided a significant understanding of the craniovertebral junction to assist neurosurgeons with safe surgery in sensitive surgical corridors. Based on these experiences, we created our review about the anatomy of the craniovertebral junction. In our study, bone structures (Foramen magnum, occipital condyle, atlas, axis), ligaments, muscles, vascular and lymphatic structures, and neural formations in the region are explained in detail by using figures and tables from a surgical point of view.