Biomedical materials used in spinal surgery must meet specific requirements in terms of biomechanical strength and therapeutic effectiveness. Biocompatibility defines the interaction of a material with biological systems without causing adverse reactions while performing the desired function. This compatibility depends on the material`s properties, biological interface, anatomical location, and duration of use.

An ideal material for spinal implants should exhibit high mechanical strength and compatibility with the biological system. These materials are generally classified as metal, ceramic, polymer, and carbon-based structures. Carbon fiber composites (CF) have been found to possess particularly biocompatible characteristics. They offer advantages such as high strength, low density, and electrical conductivity.

Biomedical materials must demonstrate suitable mechanical properties for use in spinal implants. Alongside high hardness, tensile strength, and elastic modulus, a material`s durability against cyclic loading is crucial for long-term success.

Carbon fiber composites are potential materials compatible with bone tissue, displaying high strength and engaging in biological interactions. Materials like graphene also hold promising potential in bone regeneration. Additionally, 3D printing technology plays a significant role in the production of bone grafts and regenerative biomaterials.