The spine is the part of the skeletal system that plays the most important role in support and balance and protects the spinal cord. Spinal pathologies were first demonstrated in Egyptian mummies in B.C. 2900. Spinal pathologies were mentioned in writing for the first time in the Edwin Smith papyrus of B.C. 1550. There have been many contributions and developments in understanding the diagnosis and treatment options of spine diseases since ancient times. As a result of the iatrogenic damage and loss of balance that occur in conventional spine surgery, new searches have emerged to provide a lower complication rate, less tissue damage and blood loss, better pain control and a faster return to daily life. Minimally invasive procedures have been developed as a result of new technological developments, especially microscope, laser technology, endoscopy and video systems. The use of expanded imaging systems in spine surgery and developments in biological materials followed.